Bioluminescent aptasensors are the chemically synthesized reporter molecules consisting of biospecific DNA or RNA aptamer and a bioluminescent protein. Aptamers act as recognition elements in aptasensors allowing highly specific detection of the target of interest. As opposed to traditional biospecific molecules (e. g. immunoglobulins) aptamers are characterized by low cost, stability to modification and the ability to be selected for virtually any target molecule. Bioluminescent protein, being as a signal element of the aptasensor, provides high target detection sensitivity due to high quantum yield of the light emission. Photoproteins were shown to produce simple and fast reactions and generate pulse burst immediately after the introduction of calcium ions into the system; their light signal is characterized by a wide dynamic range. The reporter constructions involving Са2+-regulated photoproteins afford the analysis sensitivity comparable to that of radioisotope methods, but herewith photoproteins are highly stable and non-hazardous. Our research concerns the development of bioluminescent aptasensors comprising different aptamers and Са2+-regulated photoprotein obelin intended to detect several biomarkers such as pathogenic autoantibody to myelin basic protein, cardiomarker troponin I and hemoglobins in the model and clinical samples. This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (RSCF) under the grant № 18-38-00531.